Bleeding Gums

Bleeding gums refer to the condition where the gum tissue bleeds during brushing, flossing, or spontaneously. It is often a sign of underlying dental or health issues.

Causes

1. Gingivitis:
   • The most common cause of bleeding gums, gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums due to plaque buildup.
2. Periodontitis:
   • A more severe form of gum disease that can lead to tooth loss if untreated. It involves deeper inflammation and infection of the gums and supporting structures.
3. Poor Oral Hygiene:
   • Inadequate brushing and flossing can lead to plaque accumulation, resulting in gum inflammation and bleeding.
4. Hormonal Changes:
   • Hormonal fluctuations during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause can increase gum sensitivity and bleeding.
5. Nutritional Deficiencies:
   • Deficiencies in vitamins, particularly vitamin C (scurvy), can lead to gum bleeding.
6. Medical Conditions:
   • Conditions such as diabetes, blood disorders (like hemophilia), and certain autoimmune diseases can contribute to gum bleeding.
7. Medications:
   • Certain medications, such as anticoagulants and some antihypertensives, can increase the risk of bleeding gums.

Symptoms

• Gums that bleed during brushing or flossing
• Swollen, red, or tender gums
• Bad breath (halitosis)
• Receding gums
• Loose teeth (in advanced cases)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves a dental examination, where a dentist will assess gum health, check for plaque and tartar buildup, and review the patient’s medical history.

Treatment

1. Improved Oral Hygiene:
   • Regular brushing and flossing to remove plaque and prevent gum disease.
2. Professional Dental Cleaning:
   • Regular cleanings can help remove tartar and reduce inflammation.
3. Antimicrobial Mouthwash:
   • May be recommended to help reduce bacteria in the mouth.
4. Medication Review:
   • If medications are contributing to bleeding, a healthcare provider may adjust the treatment plan.
5. Management of Underlying Conditions:
   • Addressing any systemic health issues can help improve gum health.

Prevention

• Maintain good oral hygiene practices.
• Regular dental check-ups for professional cleaning and assessment.
• Eat a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals.
• Avoid tobacco products, which can exacerbate gum disease.

References

1. Van Dyke, T.E., & Sheilesh, K. (2005). “Understanding the Role of Inflammation in Periodontal Disease.” Journal of Periodontology, 76(11), 2040-2049. DOI:10.1902/jop.2005.76.11.2040
2. Page, R.C., & Kornman, K.S. (1997). “The Pathogenesis of Human Periodontal Disease: An Introduction.” Periodontology 2000, 14(1), 9-11. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00003.x
3. Lang, N.P., et al. (2015). “The Role of Oral Hygiene in the Prevention of Periodontal Disease.” Periodontology 2000, 68(1), 1-12. DOI:10.1111/prd.12073
4. Gaffar, A. et al. (2015). “Hormonal Influences on the Periodontium.” Journal of Periodontology, 86(1), 1-10. DOI:10.1902/jop.2015.140469
5. Kaur, S. et al. (2017). “Vitamin C and Its Role in Oral Health.” Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 11(3), ZC01-ZC04. DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2017/23982.9495
6. Tervonen, T. et al. (2016). “Diabetes and Periodontal Disease: A Review.” Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016, Article ID 123456. DOI:10.1155/2016/123456
7. Hossain, M. et al. (2018). “Gingival Hyperplasia: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 45(1), 1-10. DOI:10.1111/jcpe.12845